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Notes & References:

Endnotes

Introduction

  1. Durie (2001).
  2. Royal Commission on Social Policy (1988), volume II p 472.
  3. Disaggregation by ethnicity is problematic. Definitions of ethnicity are inconsistent across data sources and change over time. The way we present the data is constrained by the way it has been collected.
  4. The Big Cities group comprises 12 major metropolitan territorial local authorities: Auckland, Rodney, North Shore, Waitakere, Manukau, Tauranga, Hamilton, Wellington, Porirua, Hutt, Christchurch and Dunedin. The group jointly commissioned the Quality of Life in New Zealand’s Largest Cities Surveys which collected comparable information on social, economic and environmental outcomes within each of the urban areas. From 2004, the Quality of Life Survey has been done in partnership with the Ministry of Social Development. The survey now provides a national sample as well as city samples.

People

  1. Statistics New Zealand (2007d).
  2. Statistics New Zealand (2008h) p 7.
  3. Statistics New Zealand (2008d) p 36.
  4. These figures are from 2006-based medium population projections (Series 5), assuming medium fertility, medium mortality and a long-term annual net migration gain of 10,000.
  5. These figures are from 2006-based medium population projections (Series 6), assuming medium fertility, medium mortality, medium inter-ethnic mobility and medium long-term annual net migration of -3,000 for the European or Other population (from 2010), -3,000 for the Māori population (from 2010), 12,000 for the Asian population (from 2010) and 500 for Pacific peoples (from 2008).
  6. Comparability between 2001 and 2006 data may be affected by a change in the census question. Before 2006, the census asked whether anyone who lived in the dwelling owned it with or without a mortgage. The 2006 Census included an additional question on whether any of the occupants held the dwelling in a family trust. People who did hold the dwelling in a trust in 2006 have been counted as owning the dwelling. In previous years, some people in this category may have simply said they did not own the dwelling and would not have been counted as homeowners. Consequently, the actual decline in home ownership between 2001 and 2006 may have been slightly greater than the census figures indicate.
  7. The family data relates to families within households. In official statistics, a family is defined as two or more people living in the same household who comprise either a couple, with or without children, or one parent and their children. The children do not have partners or children of their own living in the same household. People who were temporarily away from home on census night are included as part of the family. There is no data available on parents and children who live in different households.
  8. More information on speakers of te reo Māori is provided in the Māori language speakers indicator.
  9. Disability is defined as any perceived limitation in activity resulting from a long-term condition or health problem; lasting or expected to last six months or more and not completely eliminated by an assistive device. See Statistics New Zealand (2007a) p 26.
  10. Statistics New Zealand (2007a).
  11. These employment rates are for people in households.

Health

  1. Howden-Chapman and Tobias (2000).
  2. Ministry of Health (1999b) p 351.
  3. Ministry of Health (2007a).
  4. Babor et al (2001).
  5. Conner et al (2005).
  6. Tobias and Cheung (2003).
  7. OECD (2008e).
  8. 2004 figures have been revised; 2005 data is provisional.
  9. Three-year moving average age-standardised rates are the average age-standardised rates for rolling three-year periods; that is, 2000–2002, 2001–2003, 2003–2005, etc. The three-year moving averages are plotted on the mid-point year. For example, the 2003–2005 three-year moving average is plotted on the year 2004. Rates based on individual years tend to exhibit pronounced variation, especially when the event of interest is relatively rare. Using the three-year moving average "smoothes" this variation so the underlying trends over time can be more clearly illustrated. Three-year moving averages have been used to present suicide data in this publication because the numbers involved are relatively small. As individuals under 5 years of age are not included in the analysis of either suicide mortality or self-harm hospitalisations, the World Health Organization (WHO) standard population for this group has been excluded and the weights recalculated accordingly (Ministry of Health 2007b).
  10. These are three-year moving average agestandardised rates.
  11. Ministry of Health (2006b) p 14.
  12. The international rates are annual rates re-calculated by the New Zealand Health Information Service to enable geographic comparisons of data collected by the World Health Organization. These rates are therefore different to those used elsewhere in this chapter. The rates refer to the following years: Ireland, 2005; Finland, Japan, Norway, Netherlands, Germany and the United Kingdom, 2004; France and Australia, 2003; Sweden, Canada and the United States, 2002.
  13. World Health Organization (2004).
  14. Ministry of Health (1999b) p 344.
  15. Ministry of Health (2006c) Table C2 p 39.
  16. Ministry of Health (2006c) Table C2 p 39; Ministry of Health (2008d).
  17. Ministry of Health (2008d).
  18. OECD (2008e).
  19. OECD (2008e).
  20. The World Health Organization defined obesity as having a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 (WHO 2000). In compliance with international practice, the same cut-off points have been used for all ethnic groups (Ministry of Health (2008d) pp 104, 105.
  21. Cole et al (2000).
  22. Ministry of Health (2008d) p 104.
  23. Rates for 1997 and 2002/2003 have been revised by Public Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health.
  24. The rate for 2002 has been revised by Public Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health.
  25. Ministry of Health (2004c) p 36.
  26. OECD (2008e).
  27. OECD (2008e).
  28. Babor et al (2001).
  29. Conner et al (2005).
  30. Age-standardised rates have been used for comparison over time.

Knowledge and Skills

  1. See, for example, Wylie (1999).
  2. OECD (2007a).
  3. Wylie (1999); Boocock (1995); Wylie et al (2001); Wylie et al (2004).
  4. OECD (2007a).
  5. Due to methodological changes in the allocation of attainment levels in 2004, the percentage of leavers with qualifications higher than NCEA Level 1 in 2004 is not comparable with other years and has been omitted.
  6. OECD (2007a).
  7. OECD (2007a).

Paid Work

  1. This includes wages and other payments to employees and entrepreneurial income. 1999 Statistics New Zealand data, cited in Department of Labour (1999).
  2. Wilson (1999).
  3. OECD (2008f), downloaded from www.oecd.org on 16 April 2008.
  4. OECD (2008c) Statistical Annex, Table G p 355.
  5. OECD (2008c) Statistical Annex, Table B pp 336–338.

Economic Standard of Living

  1. Royal Commission on Social Security in New Zealand (1972).
  2. Revised data has moved Greece ahead of New Zealand, lowering New Zealand’s ranking from 21st to 22nd for the years 2000–2005.
  3. Statistics New Zealand (2001b) Table 1 p 15, Table 4 p 17. Per capita value calculated by the Ministry of Social Development.
  4. For a description of the Gini co-efficient, see Statistics New Zealand (1999) p 118.
  5. Förster and Mira d’Ercole (2007) Annex Table A.1.4.
  6. Förster and Mira d’Ercole (2007) Annex Table A.5.3.
  7. See, for example, the Massey University Housing Affordability Index.
  8. While the data is robust enough to give a general indication of relativities between ethnic groups, the relatively small sample sizes for the non-European ethnic groups can lead to some volatility in trends for each group separately. Robust data is not available for low-income households by ethnicity.
  9. Baker et al (2000).
  10. Evans (2003).
  11. The trend in household crowding for the total population cannot be inferred from the trends for the ethnic groupings because some census respondents did not provide ethnicity data.
  12. Statistics New Zealand (2003) p 33.
  13. Percentages do not add to 100 as some people identified with more than one ethnic group.
  14. Persons who received income support in the 12 months before the census. Excludes those who received ACC or New Zealand Superannuation.

Civil and Political Rights

  1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (1998).
  2. The 1988 Royal Commission on Social Policy found that New Zealanders felt wellbeing was strongly associated with the ability to make choices and to not have choices imposed on them. Royal Commission on Social Policy (1988).
  3. For example, see the section on New Zealand in the United States State Department Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour (2003) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/ 27783.htm.
  4. Human Rights Commission (2007).
  5. Marsh and Sahin-Dikmen (2002) pp 40, 41.
  6. Inter-Parliamentary Union, PARLINE database, Last election.
  7. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments.
  8. These figures exclude Licensing and Land Trusts.

Cultural Identity

  1. Durie et al (2002); Durie (1999).
  2. Statistics New Zealand (2001a).
  3. ACNielsen (2005).
  4. NZ On Air (1999) p 3.
  5. All those who identified as Māori in the census are counted as part of the Māori ethnic group in this indicator.
  6. "Very well" refers to being able to talk about almost anything in Māori. "Well" refers to being able to talk about many things in Māori. "Fairly well" refers to being able to talk about some things in Māori. "Not very well" refers to only being able to talk about simple/basic things in Māori.
  7. The census ethnicity question is a multiple-response question and the high proportion of Pacific peoples who can speak Māori may reflect the high proportion of people who identified with both ethnic groups in the last census. This is also the case for the European ethnic group. In this section, "New Zealanders" have been included with the European ethnic group, using customised data that counts individuals once only.

Physical Environment

  1. The 1988 Royal Commission on Social Policy identified "guardianship of the physical resource" as a major part of the "safe prospect" aspect of social wellbeing.
  2. Fisher et al (2007).
  3. Ministry for the Environment (2008) p 148.
  4. Department of Environment and Climate Change, New South Wales Government (2008); Environment Protection Authority Victoria (2007).
  5. Department for Food, Environment and Rural Affairs, United Kingdom (2008).
  6. Statistics New Zealand (1993).

Safety

  1. Morris et al (2003) pp 222–224.
  2. National Road Safety Committee (2000).
  3. Mayhew and Reilly (2007b) pp 24–26.
  4. Mayhew and Reilly (2007b) p 54. The incidence figure for men for this type of offence [confrontational offences committed by partners] has a relative standard error between 15 percent and 25 percent and should be viewed with caution.
  5. 2006 injury data has been revised.
  6. Land Transport Safety Authority (2000).
  7. OECD (2008a) International Road Traffic and Accident Database (accessed 11 March 2008).

Social Connectedness

  1. Spellerberg (2001).
  2. Donovan and Halpern (2002) p 27.
  3. Noll and Berger-Schmitt (2000).
  4. OECD (2007c).
  5. Statistics Canada (2004); European Commission (2005).
  6. Quality of Life Project (2007) Figure 6.5.6 p 224.

Conclusion

  1. The mid-1990s data for cigarette smoking comes from the ACNielsen Survey and the 2006/2007 data comes from the Ministry of Health’s Health Survey.
  2. Mayhew and Reilly (2007b) p 54. The incidence figure for men for this type of violence [confrontational offences committed by partners] has a relative standard error between 15 percent to 25 percent and should be viewed with caution.
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