Introduction
The enjoyment of civil and political rights is crucial to people's ability to participate in society, make choices about their lives, and live with dignity.
Civil and political rights fall into two broad categories. The first requires that people are protected from interference or abuse of power by others. The second requires that society is organised in a way that enables all people to develop to their full potential.59
Rights are defined in various international treaties and in domestic legislation. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 sets out many rights New Zealanders enjoy. These include rights to life and security, voting rights, and rights to freedom of expression, peaceful assembly, association, thought, conscience, religion and belief. They also include rights to freedom from discrimination, and various rights relating to justice and criminal procedures. Other laws, such as the Privacy Act 1993, also provide protection for specific rights. The relationship between Māori and the Crown is guided by the Treaty of Waitangi.
New Zealand has also signed six core United Nations treaties, covering civil and political rights; economic, social and cultural rights; the elimination of racial discrimination and discrimination against women; the rights of children; and protection against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.
Civil and political rights are important for wellbeing in many ways. At a fundamental level, they protect people's lives and their physical wellbeing (for example, by recognising rights to freedom from torture and arbitrary arrest).
Wellbeing depends on people having a sense of choice or control over their lives, and on being reasonably able to do things they value, all of which are impossible without the exercise of the many rights referred to above.60 People's ability to take part in society, and their senses of belonging and identity also depend on the exercise of these rights.
Indicators
New Zealand is internationally recognised as having an excellent human rights record.61 The court system is independent and courts can enforce the rights affirmed in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act, although there is no power to strike down legislation inconsistent with the Act. Other institutions exist to protect people from government power (examples include the Privacy Commissioner and the Ombudsmen) or to prevent and deal with instances of discrimination (such as the Human Rights Commission and Human Rights Review Tribunal). New Zealand regularly reports to the United Nations on its record in protecting rights.
However, direct measurement of civil and political rights is not a simple matter.
This chapter uses four indicators to provide some picture of how New Zealand's formal commitments to civil and political rights are reflected in reality. They are: voter turnout at general elections, the proportion of women represented in elected government positions, perceived discrimination, and perceptions of public integrity.
A key right in any democracy is the right to vote. The inclusion of voter turnout figures provides an indication of the confidence voters have in, and the importance of, the nation's political institutions. High voluntary voter turnout rates are an indication people see these institutions as relevant and meaningful to them, and they believe their individual vote is important.
An effective and relevant political system should broadly reflect the society it represents. The second indicator measures the proportion of women in elected positions in government.
Measuring the extent to which New Zealanders actually experience discrimination is problematic. Some research has suggested that for every 100 people who are discriminated against, only one will make a complaint.62 Perceived discrimination is a subjective measure of people's views about the level of discrimination against different groups in New Zealand society.
Corruption undermines the democratic process and the rule of law. It is difficult to measure levels of corruption by reference to the number of prosecutions or court cases as this will to some extent be driven by the efficient functioning of the justice system. The fourth indicator, absence of corruption, is the level of perceived corruption among politicians and public officials.
