Introduction
'Culture' refers to the customs, practices, languages, values and world views that define social groups such as those based on nationality, ethnicity, region, or common interests. Cultural identity is important for people's sense of self and how they relate to others. A strong cultural identity can contribute to people's overall wellbeing.
Cultural identity is not exclusive. People may identify themselves as New Zealanders in some circumstances and as part of a particular culture - Māori, Chinese or Scottish, for example - in other circumstances. They may also identify with more than one culture.
The desired outcomes recognise that it is important for people to feel a sense of national identity and also to be able to belong to particular social or ethnic groups. They recognise New Zealand as a multicultural society, while also acknowledging that Māori culture has a unique place. Under the Treaty of Waitangi, the Crown has an obligation to protect the Māori language.
Defining a national identity is not a simple matter. New Zealand is a diverse nation, made up of many cultural groups, with many different customs and traditions. While people may describe themselves as 'New Zealander', how they define their 'New Zealand-ness' may vary from person to person. For example, they might see a New Zealand identity in aspects of New Zealand history, in New Zealand achievements in sporting, artistic or other endeavours, through a sense of national characteristics or traits, or through national symbols and icons. Māori culture may form one aspect of national identity, since it is unique to New Zealand and forms part of our identity in the outside world.
Cultural identity is an important contributor to people's wellbeing. Identifying with a particular culture gives people feelings of belonging and security. It also provides people with access to social networks which provide support and shared values and aspirations. These can help break down barriers and build a sense of trust between people - a phenomenon sometimes referred to as social capital - although excessively strong cultural identity can also contribute to barriers between groups. An established cultural identity has also been linked with positive outcomes in areas such as health and education.67
Conversely, members of minority cultures can feel excluded from society if the majority of those in authority obstruct or are intolerant of their cultural practices, as happened to the Māori language and culture through much of New Zealand's history.
Culture can also play a part in promoting social wellbeing in other ways. A strong national culture or identity, and strength in artistic endeavours, can be a source of economic strength and higher material standards of living.
Indicators
Three indicators are used. They are: local content programming on television, the proportion of the Māori population who can speak Māori, and the proportion of people who can speak the first language (other than English and Māori) of their identified ethnicity.
While they cannot provide an exhaustive picture of New Zealand's cultural identity, they do provide snapshots of the health of particular aspects. There is a strong focus on the health of the Māori culture.
The first indicator, the amount of New Zealand content on television, provides one way of measuring the strength of New Zealanders' sense of national identity.
The second indicator measures the current health of the Māori language. Language is a central component of culture and a necessary skill for full participation in Māori society.
The final indicator, the proportion of people who can speak the first language (other than English and Māori) of their ethnicity, is an indicator of the degree to which people are able to retain their culture and traditions and to pass those on to subsequent generations.
