• Voter turnout
• Representation of women in government
• Perceived discrimination
• Perceived corruption

Voter turnout

Relevance

Voter turnout rates are a measure of political participation. They can be seen as an indicator of the extent to which citizens are a part of the political process, and the confidence the population has in, and the importance they attach to, political institutions.

Current level and trends

1. General elections

Voter turnout of the eligible population was 72.5 percent in 2002. Voter participation in general elections declined sharply from 89 percent in 1984 to 78 percent in 1990, increased slightly to 81 percent in 1996, then declined again to a new low in 2002.

Figure CP1.1 Proportion of estimated voting-age population who casts votes, 1984–2004

Source: Electoral Commission (2002) p174. 1984 figure calculated by the Ministry of Social Development

Comparisons between groups

Because of the nature of the secret ballot, information on differences in participation rates among various sectors of the New Zealand population is not directly available. Nevertheless, results from New Zealand election surveys over a number of years associate several social, demographic and occupational characteristics with impacts on the voter turnout rate. Non-voters are more likely to be people on lower incomes, younger people and members of Māori or Pacific ethnic groups. There are few differences in voting turnout rates between men and women.

Regional differences

There are few discernible differences in voting turnout rates between rural and urban voters, although non-voting tends to be lowest in provincial cities.

International comparison

New Zealand's voter turnout rate in 2002 was 72.5 percent, compared to an OECD median of 71 percent over 1997–2002.⁶⁷ This placed New Zealand 15th out of 30 OECD countries. Greece had the highest voter turnout at 89 percent. Voter turnout was higher in Australia (sixth, 82 percent) than New Zealand, but lower in the United Kingdom (23rd, 58 percent), Canada (26th, 55 percent) and the United States (29th, 47 percent).

Current level and trends

2. Local authority elections

There are 253 elected local authorities in New Zealand : 12 regional councils, 21 district health boards (established 1 January 2001), 15 city councils, 59 district councils and 146 community boards. There was a major restructuring of local government in 1989.

Voter turnout in the 2001 local authority elections was the lowest since 1989 for all, except regional councils, which had the second lowest since then.

Table CP1.1 Voter turnout (%) in local authority elections, 1989–2001

Source: Department of Internal Affairs (2003) Table 7.1
Note: There was no election held for Rodney District in 2001

Local authority voter turnout is generally highest for district councils, with their more rural population base, for smaller city councils and for councils in the South Island. These councils all had a majority turnout in 2001, while among large city councils and North Island city councils, fewer than half of the eligible electors voted. Voter turnout ranged from 65 percent for district councils in the South Island to 43 percent for city councils in the North Island.

In large regional councils, there was an upward trend in voter turnout between 1995 and 2001. However, the average turnout was still higher among small regional councils. Similarly, voter turnout was highest on average among the smaller district health boards.