Housing affordability
Definition
The proportion of households and the proportion of people within households
spending more than 30 percent of their income on housing.
Relevance
Affordable housing is an important factor in people’s
wellbeing. For lower-income households especially, high housing costs relative
to income are often associated with severe financial difficulty, and can
leave households with insufficient income to meet other basic needs such as
food,
clothing, transport, medical care and education. For higher-income households,
high outgoings-to-income ratios are not as critical as there is still sufficient
income left for basic needs.
Current level and trends
In 2004, 22 percent of New Zealand households spent more than 30 percent of their income on housing
costs, a decline from 24 percent in 2001.
Since the late-1980s, there has been a substantial increase in the proportion
of households spending more than 30 percent of their income on housing. Between
1988 and 1997 the proportion rose from 11 percent to 25 percent of households,
before levelling off at 24 percent in 1998 and 2001.
Figure EC5.1 Proportion of households with housing cost outgoings-to-income
ratio greater than
30 percent, 1988–1998, 2001 and 2004
![Graph showing proportion of households with housing cost outgoings-to-income ratio greater than 30 percent, 1988–1998, 2001 and 2004.](/2005/images/sr/ec5-1.gif)
Source: Derived from Statistics New Zealand's Household Economic Survey (1988–2004), by the Ministry of Social Development
Note: Since 1998, the Household Economic Survey has been conducted on a three-yearly
basis, rather than annually
High housing costs relative to household income are of more concern in
respect of low-income households. The proportion of households in the lowest
20 percent of the (equivalised) household income distribution spending more
than 30 percent of their income on housing rose from 16 percent in 1988 to
reach a peak of 49 percent in 1994 before levelling off at 41–42 percent over
the period 1996–2001. In 2004, this proportion had fallen to 35 percent.57 While this represents a substantial improvement, the proportion of low-income
households spending more than 30 percent of their income on housing is still
over twice as high as it was in 1988.
Age and sex differences
In 2004, 29 percent of children under 18 years
lived in households with housing costs exceeding 30 percent of income. This
was a considerable decline from 35 percent in 2001 but is still more than double
the proportion
in 1988.
Adult females were about as likely as adult males (20 percent) to be living
in households spending more than 30 percent of their income on housing in 2004.
Table EC5.1 Proportion (%) of the population in households with housing
cost outgoings-to-income
ratio greater than 30 percent, selected years, 1988–2004
|
1987–1988 |
1992–1993 |
1997–1998 |
2000–2001 |
2003–2004 |
Total population |
10.6 |
20.6 |
24.9 |
23.6 |
21.4 |
Population
aged 15 and over |
9.9 |
19.0 |
21.9 |
20.9 |
19.7 |
Males aged
15 and over |
10.3 |
18.8 |
21.0 |
19.9 |
20.0 |
Females aged
15 and over |
9.5 |
19.3 |
22.7 |
21.9 |
19.5 |
Age groups |
|
|
|
|
|
Under 18 years |
11.9 |
27.1 |
37.1 |
34.2 |
29.2 |
18–24 years |
12.4 |
24.6 |
26.1 |
28.6 |
29.0 |
25–44 years |
14.7 |
26.3 |
31.1 |
28.0 |
25.0 |
45–64 years |
5.0 |
12.2 |
13.8 |
15.5 |
15.4 |
65 years and
over |
3.2 |
4.0 |
7.1 |
7.1 |
5.9 |
Source: Derived from Statistics New Zealand's Household Economic Survey (1988–2004), by the Ministry of Social Development
Ethnic differences
Housing costs in excess of 30 percent of income
are more common in households that include at least one non-European adult.
For households with at least one Māori adult, the proportion increased from 8 percent in 1988 to peak at 36 percent
in 1997, fell slightly to 31 percent in 2001, then dropped sharply to 21
percent in 2004. For those households containing at least one Pacific adult
the changes
have been more dramatic, increasing from 15 percent in 1988 to 48 percent
in 1997, falling to 41 percent in 1998 and 2001, then almost halving to 23
percent
in 2004. Only non-European households other than Māori and Pacific households showed an increase in the proportion with housing
costs greater than 30 percent between 2001 and 2004, from 36 percent to 42
percent. This may reflect, in part, the changing composition of a group which
contains many new migrants.
Figure EC5.2 Proportion of households with housing cost outgoings-to-income
ratio greater than
30 percent, by ethnic group, selected years, 1988–2004
![Graph showing proportion of households with housing cost outgoings-to-income ratio greater than 30 percent, by ethnic group, selected years, 1988–2004.](/2005/images/sr/ec5-2.gif)
Source: Derived from Statistics New Zealand's Household Economic Survey (1988–2004), by the Ministry of Social Development
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