Endnotes

  1. 1Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The mission of the OECD is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. It provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems. More information on the OECD, including current member countries, can be found at www.oecd.org
  2. 2For the majority of the report, New Zealanders have been combined with the European ethnicity.
  3. 3See the technical notes for a description of NZDep2013 deprivation levels.
  4. 4IHME (2015).
  5. 5IHME (2015).
  6. 6IMME (2015).
  7. 7IHME (2015).
  8. 8IHME (2015).
  9. 9Wylie (1999); Wylie et al (2001); Wylie et al (2004).
  10. 10Funding deciles are ratings used by the Ministry of Education to determine some of the funding a school receives. It is important to understand that decile ratings are for funding purposes only – they are not an indication of the performance or quality of education delivered at a school.
  11. 11Ministry of Education (2014).
  12. 12The 28 OECD countries reported here are the only ones that provide consistent data across the period 2005–2012.
  13. 13See technical notes.
  14. 14The upper secondary indicator presented in this report is set at NCEA Level 2 whereas the indicator in the OECD 2013 data is set slightly lower than this (ISCED 3C (long programme)/3B).
  15. 15Ministry of Education (2001).
  16. 16Satherley et al (2008b) p 7, 9, 11.
  17. 17Data for full-time and part-time work and qualifications is based on all the jobs a person has, whereas other data reported is based on the main job a person has.
  18. 18See technical notes for more information on injury statistics.
  19. 19See the technical notes for a definition of material wellbeing and the Material Wellbeing Index used with the New Zealand General Social Survey in this report.
  20. 20Royal Commission on Social Security in New Zealand (1972).
  21. 21Figures reported by the OECD for gross national income in 1970 have been revised since the 2010 Social Report was published, resulting in a change in the ranking from 8th to 14th.
  22. 22For a description of the Gini coefficient, see Statistics New Zealand (1999) p 118.
  23. 23International comparisons like this tell us about the different levels of income inequality in the lower half of the income distribution. They do not tell us how low-income households are actually faring in relation to basic needs. For this comparison see the Material Hardship indicator.
  24. 24See technical note on the Ministry of Social Development’s Material Wellbeing Index.
  25. 25Results for 2007–2012 use the Economic Living Standard Index Short Form (EFS-1) with thresholds chosen to mesh with the MWI used in 2013 and 2014.
  26. 26The way that results have been compiled in terms of household type means that sole-parent families will be under-represented as many sole parents live with other adults and are coded in a different household category (ie other family households with some dependent children).
  27. 27Baker et al (2003) (2010).
  28. 28Evans (2003).
  29. 29See technical note for information about the Canadian Crowding Index.
  30. 30Age-standardising this data indicates that age plays a minor role in the differences between ethnic groups with regard to household crowding.
  31. 31“Dwelling was held in a family trust” was not asked before 2006 but has been added to dwellings owned or partly owned for 2006 and 2013 as noted.
  32. 32See Ministry of Health (2014a). For an explanation of Jensen household income equivalisation refer to the technical note on socio-economic measures used in this report.
  33. 33See Goodyear & Fabian (2012).
  34. 34Voters living outside the electorate but eligible to vote because of property ownership within the electorate.
  35. 35Department of Internal Affairs, About Local Government, www.localcouncils.govt.nz, accessed August 2015.
  36. 36Ministry of Health, My DHB, www.health.govt.nz, accessed August 2015.
  37. 37Local Government New Zealand, Community Boards, www.lgnz.co.nz, accessed August 2015.
  38. 38Mayoral turnout includes mayors for city and district councils. Council turnout covers city, district and regional council elections.
  39. 39The 1989 elections were the first to be held following a major restructuring of local government.
  40. 40The question on discrimination in the 2014 New Zealand General Social Survey (NZGSS) is worded differently from in previous surveys. In 2008, 2010 and 2012, the question asked: “In the last 12 months, have you been treated unfairly or had something nasty done to you because of the group you belong to or seem to belong to?” In 2014, this was reworded to ask whether people had been “treated unfairly or differently compared to other people?” The change in wording means that comparisons across time cannot be made.
  41. 41The question about acceptance of diversity in the 2014 NZGSS is worded differently from in previous surveys. In 2008, 2010 and 2012, respondents were asked whether they agreed or not with a number of statements about whether it was good for people in New Zealand to have different values, ways of living, ethnicities and cultures. The change in question means it is not possible to make comparisons across time.
  42. 42The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) updated the methodology used to calculate the CPI in 2012 using a new scale of 0–100 rather than scores out of 10. Using this scale, CPI scores can now be compared from one year to the next. CPI scores before 2012 are not comparable over time.
  43. 43TV One, TV2, TV3, Prime Television, Māori Television and FOUR. Does not include The Edge TV (which replaced C4 on 27 June 2014), Trackside, Choice TV, Parliament TV, Cue, Te Reo, Shine TV and the three “Plus1” channels.
  44. 44All those who identified as Māori in the census are counted as part of the Māori ethnic group in this indicator. People who identified as being of Māori descent are not included.
  45. 45See www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week/history-of-the-maori-language
  46. 46Te Kupenga used a self-rated question to assess a respondent's ability to speak in te reo Māori. Respondents were asked to place themselves in one of five categories as follows:
        1. Very well (I can talk about almost anything in Māori)
        2. Well (I can talk about many things in Māori)
        3. Fairly well (I can talk about some things in Māori)
        4. Not very well (I can only talk about simple/basic things in Māori)
        5. No more than a few words or phrases.
  47. 47See the technical note for more information on the differences between the census and Te Kupenga for measuring Māori language speakers.
  48. 48The question in the 2014 NZGSS is worded differently from in previous surveys. In 2008, 2010 and 2012, the question asked: “Here in New Zealand, how easy or difficult is it for you to express your own identity?” In 2014, this was reworded to ask: “How easy or hard is it for you to be yourself in New Zealand?” The change in wording means comparisons across time cannot be made.
  49. 49No data on satisfaction with free time was collected in the 2014 NZGSS.
  50. 50Craft and Object Arts is a new category added to the survey in 2014. Previously it had been measured as part of the Visual Arts category.
  51. 51See 2014 New Zealand Crime and Safety Survey (NZCASS) results.
  52. 52The explanation of crime changed in 2014. Prior to 2012, survey respondents were told that crimes could include anything from harassment, assault or verbal abuse to theft, vandalism or arson but did not include traffic accidents. In 2014, survey respondents were told that crimes could include damage to personal property, theft, assault and threats, and were asked to include crimes that happened in New Zealand; were committed by a stranger or someone they knew; and whether they were reported to police or not. Given this, comparisons over time should be treated with caution.
  53. 53Changes to the “fear of crime” question in the New Zealand General Social Survey have meant no comparisons can be made over time. These changes have included changing the scale and phrasing.
  54. 54See the Children’s Action Plan website www.childrensactionplan.govt.nz
  55. 55See the NZTA website www.nzta.govt.nz
  56. 56In the 2001 Census, only information on landline telephones was collected.
  57. 57In the 2014 New Zealand General Social Survey, the question on contact with family and friends was changed to draw from a different population of respondents. For this reason, comparisons cannot be made with the 2014 survey data and it has not been included.
  58. 58In the 2014 New Zealand General Social Survey, the question on contact with family and friends was changed to draw from a different population of respondents. For this reason, comparisons cannot be made with the 2014 survey data and it has not been included.
  59. 59Adolescent Health Research Group (2008), p14.
  60. 60See the technical notes for changes to the question format and response options.
  61. 61Customised data from the Adolescent Health Research Group.
  62. 62See the technical notes for a description of the NZDep2006 deprivation levels.
  63. 63The question about generalised trust in the 2014 New Zealand General Social Survey is a new question so no time series is available.
  64. 64The question about loneliness in the 2014 NZGSS is worded differently from in previous surveys. In 2008, 2010 and 2012, respondents were asked how often in the last four weeks they had felt “isolated from others”, while in 2014 the wording changed to ask how much of the time they had felt “lonely” in the last four weeks. The change in question means comparisons across time cannot be made.
  65. 65No data on voluntary work was collected in the 2014 NZGSS.
  66. 66Given changes to the scale in 2014, comparisons with previous New Zealand General Social Survey life satisfaction results cannot be made.
  67. 67See Perry (2015a) and Appendix 3 for more information on household equivalence scales.
  68. 68See Perry (2015b).
  69. 69See Atkinson et al. (2014).
  70. 70See Perry (2015b).